Varieties of hedonism have been criticized from ancient to modern times. In the Bible God does not condemn people for seeking happiness but for seeking it in ways that ignore, neglect, or. Jordan Belfort (played by Leonardo DiCaprio) in. The genesis of hedonism as an ethical theory is often located in Ancient Greece. Posted on September 22, 2017 The Impatient Tourist. Posts a mix of solo, BG, threesomes and orgies. Sidgwick's arguments for hedonism — based on appeals to intuition, and an analysis of common judgements — are explained, and some objections internal to Sidgwick's own epistemology are raised. The results of our analyses are depicted in Fig. Epicurus believed that over-indulgence would lead to pain. Pleasure is described in varying ways and in the case of epicureanism, a hedonism-based philosophy, it posits doing short-term pleasurable activities can do more harm than good. 104-5). hedonist in American English. Six Theses About Pleasure / 249 Thesis 2: Pleasure is the most convincing example of an organic unity Something has intrinsic value just in case its existence wholly accounts forHedonism. Hedonism. Epicurus makes the following claims about human happiness: Happiness is Pleasure; all things are to be done for the sake of the pleasant feelings associated with them. The distinction between the two, as Hedonism seeks to maximise the net pleasure experienced in life, as total pleasure offset by total pain. Hedonists pursue a lifestyle of self-indulgence. Britannica Dictionary definition of HEDONIST. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain the difference between Intrinsic value and instrumental value, and give examples of the things you take to be valuable in each way. Yes, you’re a hundred percent right. It helps prioritize your long-term goals and responsibilities over spontaneous pleasures and. Plato, Gorgias, translated by Walter Hamilton The specifics of our modern attitudes to hedonism can be illuminated by an examination of hedonism’s historical roots, the classical and Christian arguments for and against it, and the introduction of Utilitarianism and Aestheticism in the 19 th century. Classical and early Christian objections to the. Hedonism ( Greek: hēdonē (ᾑδονή from Ancient Greek) "pleasure" +–ism) is a philosophical position that takes the pursuit of pleasure as the primary motivating element of life, based upon a view that "pleasure is good. Mill claims to have a hedonistic theory of good and bad. 92% 21:55 Experience the best fucking of your life: Orgasmic ecstasy - Pure Pleasure Pure Pleasure 2M views 87% 28:07 Pure Pleasure: A Massive Collection of Split-Screen. Hedonism (Greek, ἡ δ ο ν ή, "pleasure") is a term that refers to either of two distinct but related views, one a thesis in normative ethics, the other a generalization about human psychology. As an expert sommelier and brewer, I have encountered individuals who embody the hedonistic philosophy in their. ago. Hedonists pursue a lifestyle of self-indulgence. Philosophy The ethical doctrine holding that only what is pleasant or has pleasant consequences is intrinsically good. Pleasure. HISTORY. ("Hedonism" comes from the Greek word hedone, which means "pleasure. It has been espoused by a variety of distinguished thinkers, including Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill, and important discussions of it can also be found in works by Plato, Aristotle, Joseph. B. While this seems in line with (1), he then continues: “A pleasant experience is an experience that one prefers to have rather than to not have” (Carson 2000, 13). Most people live miserable lives because they’re so worried and anxious, and so the key to Epicurean hedonism is. Addiction is not about pleasure, even though some of the very people suffering with addiction believe it is. Hedonic happiness is achieved through experiences of pleasure and enjoyment, while eudaimonic happiness is achieved through experiences of meaning and purpose. attitudinal pleasure is more important than physical pleasure. My new boyfriend—let's call him John—and I were. Roman Epicurus bust. For the rest of us, we can have these signals go terribly wrong (this is all in Book II of the Nicomachean Ethics ). The Hedonistic Calculus. The existing accounts claim that the paradox arises because we are systematically incompetent at predicting what will make us happy, or because the greatest pleasures for human. I. Learn more. Hedonists & Pleasure The idea of hedonism is that pleasure is the only intrinsically valuable thing in life, while pain isn’t. Hedonist definition: . The act of eating, combined with the flavors and textures of the food, can bring feelings of satisfaction and pleasure. Epicurus was a main hedonist philosopher from ancient Greece. Sample 1 consisted of volunteer participants who completed one or more surveys on the educational website BeyondThePurchase. Psychological or motivational hedonism claims that only pleasure or pain motivates us. First of all, it is necessary to note that desire theorists believe a person can be happy only when his/her desires are satisfied. There are many qualms about hedonism. We found that people’s choices of activities followed a hedonic flexibility principle. 7. Posted by u/pleasurehedonists - 539 votes and 58 comments. Mill's argument is best, I think: the only sufficient motive for a behavior is seeking pleasure or avoiding pain. Reddit. Epicurean Hedonism. hedonistic: [adjective] devoted to the pursuit of pleasure : of, relating to, or characterized by hedonism. We learned new sex tricks, but that was just the start. Hedonists believe that. Accept All. It recognizes the ultimate subjectivity of pleasure and says “Whatever will bring you. Whether the piece takes us to a real rarefied and exotic location, or an imaginative dreamscape—it doesn’t matter. 3. In broad terms, a hedonist is someone who tries to maximise pleasure and minimise pain. Epicurus was an atomist and materialist, following in the steps of Democritus. ”. hedonism. ) 1828 in reference to the philosophy; 1844 as "self-indulgence," from Greek hēdone "pleasure" (see hedonist) + -ism. This chapter begins by distinguishing different kinds of hedonism, and focuses in particular on welfare hedonism. debaucher. In very simple terms, a hedonist strives to maximize this net pleasure (pleasure minus pain). Continue browsing in r/AppleWatchFetish. Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BCE based upon the teachings of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher. Fansly. People have often sought pleasure in nature, whether it be to feel the sublime immensity of the world or to get away from all those dickheads back home. ˈhēdəˌnizəm,ˈhedənˌizəm/. The philosophy of hedonism dates back to Ancient Greece and is said to be started by Aristippus of Cyrene, who was a student of Socrates. Philosophical Hedonism. [2] There are many different beliefs in hedonism. Sidgwick's arguments for hedonism — based on appeals to intuition, and an analysis of common judgements — are explained, and some objections internal to Sidgwick's own epistemology are raised. What is a hedonistic person? In broad terms, a hedonist is someone who tries to maximise pleasure and minimise pain. Whisk in the salt, pepper, nutmeg, paprika and garlic powder. a person who attempts to live according to stoic doctrine. Normative hedonism is the claim that all and only pleasure has worth or value, and all and only pain has disvalue. Aristotle is a naturalist because he argues that "good" is what is efficient in achieving it's ends (a quasi-empirical concept). The Default Hedonism and Aristippean Hedonism of Chapter 2 fall into this category. Many thanks to friends Mark and Darcy for giving me this book - it's superb! A highly entertaining book discussing the nature of hedonism, oozing with witty and surprising information [for example, Benjamin Franklin: "Beer is. Hedonism is the theory that pleasure is the only intrinsic value and pain the only intrinsic disvalue. The differences between these theories are of primarily theoretical interest; they. Previous account deleted at 1. However, this pursuit isn’t simple. The pleasure and pain are separable aspects of the whole experience. A subreddit dedicated to all things Apple Watches. Hedonism is a type of. The Andrians, oil on canvas by Titian, c. Specifically, people were more likely to engage in mood-increasing activities (e. HEDONIST definition: A hedonist is someone who believes that having pleasure is the most important thing in. deviate. Epicurus, though, thinks that all our actions ultimately aim at our own pleasure. Stoics understand that we often cannot control the entirety of our lives. This is linked to the classic motivational principle that people approach pleasure and avoid pain, and is gained from acting on certain behaviors that resulted from esthetic and emotional feelings such as: love, hate, fear, joy, etc. James Warren, The Pleasures of Reason in Plato, Aristotle, and the Hellenistic Hedonists, Cambridge University Press, 2014, 234pp. stocism was formed as a refutation of what philosophy. “I am a Cyrenaic, or egoistic hedonist, and regard the pleasure of the moment as the only possible motive of action. Bibliography. The philosophy of hedonism is one of the many basic ethical philosophies. In the aforementioned context of consumer apathy about the disastrous consequences of consumption, Soper ( 2007) seeks to. 52% creators from Specialising in swinging & Hotwife content. We usually think of charity, compassion,. Feldman, Fred, Pleasure and the Good Life: Concerning the Nature, Varieties, and Plausibility of Hedonism, Oxford University Press, 2004, 221pp, $35. The term hedonism comes from the ancient Greek word for “pleasure. Mill (1806- 73) are also the advocates of this theory. 4. When Anna and I tell people we are pleasure-seekers/hedonists most of the reactions we get are priceless. Hedonism ():Hedonism is a school of thought which argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good. 00 (hbk), ISBN. The word comes from the ancient Greek ήδovή (or hēdonḗ), which means ''pleasure. A good is most final if we chose for its own sake and not for the sake of anything beyond itself. Hedonic adaptation, also known as “the hedonic treadmill,” is a concept studied by positive psychology researchers and others who focus on happiness and well-being that refers to people’s general tendency to return to a set level of happiness despite life’s ups and downs. 3K Followers. Titian: The Andrians. Taylor, The Greeks on Pleasure, thanks to his historical accuracy, his subtle analysis of metaphors and analogies (consider, paradigmatically, the weighing and measuring of pleasures and pains in his chapter 5) and of other literary elements in the works he reads. He describes utilitarianism as: The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. No controversy there. Someone who is happy with something. . In particular, it's the claim that pleasure is the only thing that's intrinsically valuable. This concept originates with Aristotle who argues that if our pursuit of the good is to make sense, there must be a most final good, which he calls the goal or telos of living. In 1975, explaining to an interviewer the importance the term pleasure had acquired in his work, Barthes spoke of his desire to ‘take responsibility for a certain hedonism, the return of a discredited philosophy, repressed for centuries’ ( Le Grain de la voix, p. Stoicism, the way I view it, is to pursue happiness through long-term pleasure: that is, satisfaction rather than joy. This is linked to the classic motivational principle that people approach pleasure and avoid pain, [1] and is gained from acting on certain behaviors that resulted from. The Hedonism that most people think of when they think of that word is an erroneous process rather than a philosophical postion, and therein lies much of the confusion. 99 Quality of content - 5/10. The Birth of Hedonism thoroughly and sympathetically reconstructs the doctrines and practices of the Cyrenaics, who were. synonyms:self-indulgence, pleasure-seeking, self-gratification, lotus-eating, sybaritism; More. 1. All about group trips to Hedo and the who, what, where, how, when and why of loving to have fun in the sun and special themed delights at night in the Caribbean's most wickedly-wild, tropical/beachfront and nude/clothing-optional, all. For Aristotle, pleasure accompanies being ethically good for the phronemos (the man of practical wisdom). , $95. e. Familiarize yourself with it, because it is the topic of today’s Thought Thursday. They have OF managers to do such stuff. Hedonism gets a bad rap in our pleasure-espousing society. COM 'pleasurehedonists' Search, free sex videos. hedon???XNXX. Therefore, individuals tend to engage in activities that increase their levels of pleasure and decrease their levels of pain. If you are interested in more similar content like whitney840, you may. Similar theories might involve enjoyment, satisfaction, happiness, as concepts substituted for pleasure. hedonism (n. —The father. No controversy there. pleasure hedonists female orgasm Video Results For: pleasure hedonists 3,365 videos Most Relevant Filters Ads By Traffic Junky 1080p 34:02 Lust Cinema - Mysweetapple And. One who reduces "Good" to something that can be investigated by science (empirically). Critics object that Epicurus is committed to advocating sensualist excess, since hedonism seems both to imply that more pleasure is always of some good for you, and to recommend even debauched, sensual kinds of pleasure. Epicurus, though, thinks that all our actions ultimately aim at our own pleasure. You’ll be unhappy when your unrealistic expectations about happiness are dashed: Suppose nothing momentous has happened recently in your life. Hedonistic theories. A sunny disposition prevents a hardening of the attitude 😉. the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the satisfaction of desires) is the. former sort we naturally deem unhappy. Philosophical Hedonism. And yet, despite all its connotations with frivolity and danger, the word simply describes the philosophical. Hedonism. I suspect that Epicurus might have been sensitive to it. ) 1806, in reference to the Cyrenaic school of philosophy that deals with the ethics of pleasure; with -ist + Greek hēdone "pleasure, delight, enjoyment; a pleasure, a delight," which is related to hēdys "sweet" and cognate with Latin suavis, from PIE *swad-ona, suffixed form of root *swad- "sweet. This menu's updates are based on your activity. he·don·ism. Hanoverian happiness. x Copy link. However, they did believe that hedonism, the assumption that “pleasure is (intrinsically) good”, was a vice, and the basis of an irrational passion. just wanted to let you guys know that this don't works on the Boost reddit app. I love sucking hubby and his friends ? Tasting a new cock is one of my fav things to do ? by @pleasurehedonists in u_pleasurehedonists. the enjoyment of listening to your favorite song. " The concept of pleasure is, however, understood and approached in a variety of ways, and hedonism is classified. 8M views 89% 21:55 Top creators (0. Hedonism Examples. " The concept of pleasure is, however, understood and approached in a variety of ways, and hedonism is classified. Terms in this set (36) stoicism. blackkdevora • 10 mo. Abstract. 1. Hedonism is the belief that pleasure, or the absence of pain, is the most important principle in determining the morality of a potential course of action. Conclusion. @pleasurehedonists Welcome to our Fansly page! We are a genuine, friendly and athletic heteroflexible swinging couple. Results. Twitter. a view that says that a lifeRead More →Table of Contents. It is clear when Jesus says “expect nothing in. The Vedas, the ancient scriptures of the Hindus, are dated having been. pleasurehedonists_ Getting my fav snack 💦 Welcome to our page 🌎 Our OnlyFans is one of THE hottest pages around 🔥 Exclusive content with full length vids, daily updates and. Another critical difference between the two philosophies is. , in. Hedonism. . OnlyFans is the social platform revolutionizing creator and fan connections. Hedonism: an ethical theory which states that. Twitter. 3. Terms in this set (22) you experience pleasure and avoid pain. Instagram. Epicurus’ theory of what is good for a person is hedonistic: only pleasure has intrinsic value. And they fit together in a straightforward way. Physical pleasure. The researchers found that the capacity to experiences life’s simple pleasures, also known as hedonism, leads to a greater sense of well-being and satisfaction. Hedonism. 00 (hbk), ISBN 9781107025448. Self-indulgent pursuit of pleasure as a way of life. The believer strives to put “self” last in line, but for the hedonist, “self” is not only. Naturalist: One who tries to understand "Good" in "NATURAL" terms. hedonism in American English. In this paper, we set out to explore, interpret and critique a framework that draws from but recasts the moral markets literature, under the label of ‘alternative hedonism’ (Soper 2007, 2008, 2016, 2017 ). Hedonism is a way of life, characterised by openness to pleasurable experience. Next, define Hedonism. Therefore, hedonism is false. (ethics) The belief that pleasure or happiness is the highest good in life. hedonistic meaning: 1. he·don·ism. Thus, the objective of hedonism is the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. Jeremy Bentham asserted both psychological. Psychological Hedonism refers to the philosophy that human beings are intrinsically wired to desire and seek out pleasure, and that their actions reflect a self-interest to maximize pleasure. He describes utilitarianism as: The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. All about group trips to Hedo and the who, what, where, how, when and why of loving to have fun in the sun and special themed delights at night in the Caribbean's most wickedly-wild, tropical/beachfront and nude/clothing-optional, all-inclusive resort. Facebook. See examples of HEDONISM used in a sentence. Taylor: For example, being happy and being pleased, seem, at one level, to be about the same. While this belief system is often looked down upon commonly as the pursuit of short-term pleasures, this is not entirely accurate. Hedonism is the philosophy of pleasure. suffering) they produce. Nothing other than pleasure is intrinsically valuable and. Please read our rules before commenting and understand that your comments will be removed if they are not up to standard or otherwise break the rules. VIP - OnlyFans. Psychology. For an example: Eating key lime pie. [1] It is a philosophical position that first appeared in ancient philosophy. Mill claims to have a hedonistic theory of good and bad. 2. Aristippus believed that the highest attainable good in life is pleasure. Aristippus of Cyrene, a student of Socrates, is believed to be. Flynn’s lavish lifestyle may seem attractive, but more than anything else, he exemplifies the illusory nature of hedonistic happiness. [count] : a person who believes that pleasure or happiness is the most important goal in life. instrumentally valuable. What is hedonism quizlet? hedonism. At least regarding discrete experiences, then, there are two fundamental dimensions to phenomenal value. Augus. The fact that we don't want our (cognitively normal) loved ones to get lobotomies. plentyofwhitepussy • 10 mo. In psychology, there are two popular conceptions of happiness: hedonic and eudaimonic. Considering he possesses an affinity to greed mantra, this insatiable hunger for Earthly pleasures only makes him more powerful. According to Lemos, people aim at maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain in all the activities that they perform (401). Heat ¼ cup of butter in a saucepan, when hot add the scallops. Expect to See Naked People. Any other explanation will be only intermediate: You go to school to get a degree, to get a job, to make more money. To expand, physical pleasure is a temporary thing. Page 28: 1) The difference between physical and attitudinal pleasure is that one is something that you can hold and grab, while the other is something that is in your mind. Hedonists would say. The father of Hedonism was Aristippus of Cyrene. Philosophical Hedonism is a theory about what makes one’s life valuable. In other words: is like hedonism, but with the only difference that the pleasure is obtained long-term rather than short-term. Flynn’s lavish lifestyle may seem attractive, but more than anything else, he exemplifies the illusory nature of hedonistic happiness. However, popular culture depicts hedonists as unhappy, as well as selfishly unconcerned with others' well-being. Register. adjective. An example of hedonism is a constant quest for pleasure and satisfaction. However, there is evidence of a school of hedonism developing in India independent of Greek influence. com. Hedonism as a theory about value (best referred to as Value Hedonism) holds that all and only pleasure is intrinsically valuable and all and only pain is intrinsically disvaluable. hedonism: 1 n an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good Type of: ethics , moral philosophy the philosophical study of moral values and rules n the pursuit of pleasure as a matter of ethical principle Type of: ethical motive , ethics , morality , morals motivation based on ideas of right and wrongHedonism, as compared to the sexual values of relativism and absolutism, involves sexual behavior based on the pursuit of pleasure without the requirement for love and/or commitment. This is also sometimes called "normative" or "ethical" or "evaluative" hedonism. In this paper, we set out to explore, interpret and critique a framework that draws from but recasts the moral markets literature, under the label of ‘alternative hedonism’ (Soper 2007, 2008, 2016, 2017 ). Paradox of hedonism. . Section snippets Participants and procedure. Download Whitney leaked content using our method. Come follow our adventures as we explore. "A hedonist is a person who believes that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in their life. Britannica Dictionary definition of HEDONIST. Accept All. Hedonic motivation. Hedonism is a philosophical system that holds that people are motivated primarily by the production of pleasure and happiness and the avoidance of pain. com in a browser to be able to see it. However, Epicurus can. One reason is our tendency to reject pleasure as a moral good. The term “intrinsically” is an important part of the definition and is best understood in contrast to the term “instrumentally. . I develop a distinction between two types of psychological hedonism. For the hedonist, constant pleasure-seeking may not yield the most actual pleasure or happiness in the long term, when consciously pursuing pleasure interferes with experiencing it. rip. e. Jeremy Bentham endorsed both sorts of hedonism in the ringing passage that opens his An. the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the satisfaction of desires) is the highest. His followers, however, reduced the system to a plea for. Created Dec 28, 2018. It has been espoused by a variety of distinguished thinkers, including Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill, and important discussions of it can also be found in works by Plato, Aristotle, Joseph Butler, G. In the aforementioned context of consumer apathy about the disastrous consequences of consumption, Soper ( 2007) seeks to ‘reenchant. 1) The difference between physical and attitudinal pleasure is that one is something that you can hold and grab, while the other is something that is in your mind. If hedonism is true, the happiness derived from evil deeds is equal to happiness derived from kind and decent acts. C. The debate about eudaimonic vs. [1] [2] Normative or ethical hedonism, on the other hand, is not about how humans actually act but. Org (previously used as source of data for published research; see Zhang, Howell, Caprariello, & Guevarra, 2014). I've heard of the distinction between physical pleasure and attitudinal pleasure. See examples of HEDONIST used in a sentence. Safe, Sane, and Consensual * Ethical Slut * Good Bad Girl * Chivalrous Pervert. Pleasure can be things like “sex, drugs, and rock ’n’ roll,” but it can also include any intrinsically valuable experience like reading a good book. Psychological or motivational hedonism claims that human behavior is determined by desires to increase pleasure and to decrease pain. 2 holds that states of pleasure are intrinsically good and states of pain intrinsically bad, whether for their subjects, or impersonally as well. It is the most significant form of psychological hedonism. the pursuit of pleasure; sensual self-indulgence. James Warren, The Pleasures of Reason in Plato, Aristotle, and the Hellenistic Hedonists, Cambridge University Press, 2014, 234pp. hedonist: [noun] a person who is devoted to the pursuit of pleasure : someone who practices hedonism. ago. It seems to me that if we use the word 'feeling' strictly and literally, weHedonism is a philosophical concept that explains why people seek pleasure and avoid pain in life. Hedonists live in the present moment. Top creators (0. 1, and they reveal two key findings. )). Hedonism. Find out more about pleasurehedonists and explore their 312 porn GIFs and images. Reinforcement hedonism (or “R–hedonism”) holds that each person's ultimate desires, whatever their contents are,. @pleasurehedonists 1. Thus, a gentle massage and recalling a fond memory are both considered to cause pleasure and stubbing a toe and hearing about the death of a loved one are both considered to cause pain. 2. Hedone (Ancient Greek: ἡδονή, hēdonē) is the Greek word meaning "pleasure. Find pleasure. 4. Hedonists want their senses satisfied and the pleasure maximized. Hedonists pursue a lifestyle of self-indulgence. ) the philosophical doctrine that (1) all pleasure is intrinsically good, and (2) nothing but pleasure is intrinsically good. Hedonism is the view that pleasure is the only thing that has final, or non-derivative, value: other things are valuable only to the extent that they produce pleasure. We have our cake and eat it too. Analysis of responses to a 37 item Internet questionnaire completed by 391 undergraduate women revealed that thirty-one percent self-identified as being hedonistic. Hedonism: (def. he·don·ism. In this context, pleasure may be narrowly conceived as an agreeable sensation, or functionally as a psychological response that reinforces a subject’s propensity. ”. Pleasure is described in varying ways and in the case of epicureanism, a hedonism-based philosophy, it posits doing short-term pleasurable activities can do more harm than good. , housework) when they felt good. THE PLEASURES OF REASON IN PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND THE HELLENISTIC HEDONISTS Humanlivesarefullofpleasuresandpains. Although I did not try to formulate it with care, I think Mill's Qualified Hedonism can be interpreted as a form of sensory hedonism. Eating delicious food: Eating food that brings pleasure, such as a gourmet meal or a favorite snack of comfort food, is an example of hedonism. Pleasure is then a symptom of being ethical for the right kind of. Ethical Theory Spring 2019 Mill’s Hedonism Overview. stoic. It is rejected on moral grounds and said to be detrimental to long-term happiness. Hedonism. 2. 5. What is hedonism? What does hedonism mean? A guide to the philosophy of hedonism - hedonism explained - from writer and broadcaster Natalie Haynes. Hedonism entails that a pig’s life (or a human life like Porky’s) could be high in well-being (compared with a normal human life). Ethical Hedonism, touted by the Cyrenaics, is the philosophy that people should do whatever they can to achieve the maximum amount of pleasure possible. In this article, I show how the paradox of hedonism can be used as the basis for an objection against hedonism about well-being, and one that is more defensible than has been commonly recognized. A pig’s life (or a human life like Porky’s) could not be high in well-being (compared with a normal human life). Psychology The doctrine holding that behavior is motivated by the desire for pleasure and the. It is rejected on moral grounds and said to be detrimental to long-term happiness. Philosophy 302: Ethics. HEDONIST definition: 1. ”. Top 0.